When sodium is retained, less urine is produced, eventually causing blood volume to increase. The pituitary gland secretes vasopressin sometimes called antidiuretic hormone.
Vasopressin causes the kidneys to conserve water. Decreased thirst: As people age, they sense thirst less quickly or less intensely and thus may not drink fluids when needed.
Changes in the kidneys: Aging kidneys may become less able to reclaim water and electrolytes from the urine concentrate urine , and, as a result, more water may be excreted in urine. Less fluid in the body: In older people, the body contains less fluid. This change means that a slight loss of fluid and sodium, as can result from a fever or from not eating and drinking enough sometimes for only a day or two , can have more serious consequences in older people.
Inability to obtain water: Some older people have physical problems that prevent them from getting something to drink when they are thirsty. Others may have dementia Dementia Dementia is a slow, progressive decline in mental function including memory, thinking, judgment, and the ability to learn. Typically, symptoms include memory loss, problems using language and These people may have to depend on other people to provide them with water.
Drugs: Many older people take drugs for high blood pressure High Blood Pressure High blood pressure hypertension is persistently high pressure in the arteries. Often no cause for high blood pressure can be identified, but sometimes it occurs as a result of an underlying Urination and thirst are The above situations can result in losing fluid or not consuming enough fluid and thus can cause a high sodium level in blood hypernatremia Hypernatremia High Level of Sodium in the Blood In hypernatremia, the level of sodium in blood is too high.
Vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, burns, kidney failure, and use of diuretics may cause dehydration. People feel thirsty, and as dehydration Healthy kidneys can concentrate urine to an osmolality 4 times greater than serum. Patients with impaired renal function may not be able to concentrate urine.
In the healthy system, osmoreceptors in the hypothalmus sense the diffusion of water into or out of receptor cells caused by changes in serum osmolality. In response, the hypothalamus directs the pituitary to increase or decrease the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary. The release of vasopressin causes increased water resorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney.
This reduces water loss and concentrates urine. Therefore, dehydration increases vasopressin release leading to water conservation and urine concentration. Fluid overload decreases vasopressin release which leads to diuresis. Panic values for serum osmolality are values of less than mOsm or greater than mOsm.
A serum of osmolality of mOsm produces stupor. If the serum osmolality rises over mOsm, the patient may have grand mal seizures. The preferred fluid type for IV maintenance is sodium chloride 0.
The inclusion of potassium in maintenance fluids should be considered once normal baseline electrolytes and renal function have been confirmed. Hypotonic Fluids containing a sodium concentration less than plasma are NOT recommended for routine use in children.
An infant with severe gastroenteritis requires fluid rehydration and is not tolerating enteral fluids. A decision is made to proceed with IV fluid treatment The infant weighed 10 kg prior to this illness but her current weight is 9 kg.
Next you calculate the infant's maintenance fluid requirement and check it using the calculator :. A re-assessment of the child's fluid status, including any ongoing losses, should be completed within 6 hours. It can help your doctor further understand abnormal values on an electrolyte blood test for sodium. It can also help determine if your kidneys are working properly.
Before this test, you may need to stop taking certain drugs that affect sodium in the urine. These include:. Tell your doctor about all over-the-counter OTC and prescription drugs you take. Your doctor will say which you should discontinue. Sodium in the diet may affect this test. Your doctor may order a hour urine test to reduce the impact of any single meal on the results.
Adults and older children can easily collect the sample for a random urine test. All it requires is urinating in a sterile plastic container at a medical facility. For an infant, a special bag goes inside the diaper to collect urine. Your pediatrician or family doctor will give you instructions on how to use the bag.
Collecting urine for a hour urine sodium test is a bit more complicated. The collection process occurs at home.
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