Automatic Xrefs. ChEBI Name. A C 19 -gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi ,it differs from gibberellin A 1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C Supplier Information. Find compounds which contain this structure Find compounds which resemble this structure Take structure to the Advanced Search.
Read full article at Wikipedia. Average Mass. Monoisotopic Mass. In addition, no study has assessed the effect of GA 3 application timing seedling vs. We hypothesized that the application of GA 3 at the seedling stage can increase the time window for pedicel growth and increase the probability for extreme pedicel growth, which might lead to less lignification of vascular elements in the pedicel.
Foliar application of GA 3 at the beginning of the flower induction stage could improve flower size and number and reduce the probability of bent neck problems at the postharvest stage.
In addition, we believe that exogenous foliar application of GA 3 will improve lily flower quality components stem length and diameter and flower diameter, number, and vase life. The main goal of this research was to develop cultural system practices that increase water and nutrient use efficiency by improving flower quality components and reducing the growing season interval i. Information from this study will be valuable to better understand and develop efficient culture systems that increase flower yield, quality and input cost for gerbera and lily cut flower growers.
Two gerbera [ Gerbera jamesonii cvs. Fangio pink and Eldivo yellow ] cultivars were used. Both gerbera seedlings 8 weeks old and lily bulbs 1 year old were transplanted into 7 L pots filled with growing medium peatmoss-perlite.
Irrigation was conducted manually twice a week. Temperatures and light intensity during the study period are given in Figure 1. Figure 1 Air temperature and light intensity during the experimental period, March-September The total volume of foliar GA 3 solution or water for the control applied to each plant was 50 mL per spray.
For application timing, the first application timing treatment was at the seedling stage 4 th leaf stage, six weeks after transplanting , while the second timing treatment for the untreated set of gerbera plants was at the flower initiation period. Plants under control conditions were sprayed with tap water only.
For the lily experiment, four GA 3 levels 0, 10, 50, and ppm were applied twice day interval at the seedling stage 4-leaf stage, approximately 20 days after planting. The leaf-level chlorophyll content index SPAD and gas exchange Pn, gs , and E for both gerbera and lily cultivars were measured at the flowering stage. Both SPAD and gas exchange measurements were conducted between a. The number of days to flowering was from the day of planting day 1 to the blooming of the first bud on each stem plant Al-Ajlouni et al.
At the flowering stage, both gerbera and lily flowers were harvested for vase life determination. Following commercial practices, gerbera harvesting was performed when the outer 2 rows of petal discs were open. Lily stems were harvested when one of the flower buds began to open but was not fully opened. Vase life was determined for gerbera flowers by measuring the number of days from harvesting day to the first 3 petals falling off or when the flower pedicel bent bent neck problem.
A randomized complete block design RCBD with four replicates and three factors 2 cultivars, 4 GA 3 levels and 2 application timing was used for the gerbera experiment. Cut flower production is a growing business worldwide, including Jordan. Growers apply intensive fertigation programs to produce superior flowers, which raises substrate salinity and input costs.
The application of PGRs such as GA 3 and benzyladenine has been recommended to improve cut flower yield and quality vase life and reduce management input costs Danaee et al. In this study, foliar GA 3 had a slight impact on gerbera growth and leaf-level physiology, specifically plant height Table 1. Gibberellic acid increases plant growth and source potential by promoting fructose-l,6-biphosphatase and sucrose phosphate synthase and stimulating phloem loading Iqbal et al.
A recent study revealed that GA is a key modulator of internode elongation Chen et al. Photosynthesis plays a key role in plant growth, development and productivity and can be significantly affected by management practices such as irrigation, nutrients and hormonal application Othman et al. In addition, chlorophyll content in the leaves is critical because these pigments provide the required reaction energy for the photosynthesis process by absorbing energy from the light Wen et al.
Endogenous GA increases chlorophyll pigments in the leaf by increasing the numbers and sizes of chloroplasts Arteca, Gibberellin promoted chloroplast biogenesis in rice Oryza sativa as a means to maintain the chloroplast population of expanded cells Jiang et al. In that study, chloroplast division was potentially decreased in GA-deficient mutants of rice, dAD Jiang et al. However, in this study, no significant differences between GA 3 levels were found in chlorophyll content index SPAD and leaf-level gas exchange [ Pn, gs and E Table 1 ].
Overall, the leaf-level physiological response of gerbera cultivars to GA 3 application was not significant or consistent. Flower quality variables such as color, size, number per plant and vase life can potentially influence commercial cut flower appearance and marketing Burchi et al.
Exogenous application of PGRs e. Sumanasiri et al. In our study, exogenous foliar application of GA 3 , application timing, cultivar and their interaction had a significant effect on flower quality components of gerbera Table 2 , Figure 4.
The interaction analyses for pedicel length and flower diameter for both cultivars were mostly similar across GA 3 rate and application timing Figure 4. In gerbera, extreme pedicel growth can increase the probability of less lignification of vascular elements and lead to bent neck.
This physiological disorder can significantly reduce flower quality and yield. This finding supports a previous study showing that GA 3 application can strengthen the stem cell wall by stimulating cell wall component production Chen et al.
In this study, two foliar GA 3 sprays per cycle were tested: 1 at the seedling stage the two GA 3 applications were at days 20 and 30 after transplanting , and 2 at flower initiation the two GA 3 applications were at days 55 and 65 after transplanting. Considering the recommendation of previous studies that GA 3 should be applied at early stages as well as the inconsistent results of GA 3 application timing in this study, we believe that the proper application of foliar GA 3 to gerbera plants occurs during the early growth stages seedling stage.
The main objectives of cut flower growers are to increase flower yield and quality and reduce the production cycle. Flower earliness reduces production time and, consequently, input cost. Gibberellic acids e. RNA-seq and qPCR analyses to investigate the effect of exogenous GA 3 0, 1, or 10 mM treatment on global gene expression profiles of radish Raphanus sativus revealed that 21 and 8 differentially expressed genes were identified as flowering time- and GA-responsive genes, respectively Jung et al.
The study shows how the performance of gerbera and lily is influenced by GA 3 level and timing of application. Cut flower growers can exploit these results to manage plant growth and enhance species flower quality and economic profit. Al-Ajlouni, M. Increasing nutrient levels promote growth and flower quality in lilies grown under soilless culture. Horticulture Science 44 4 — Particle size of volcanic tuff improves shoot growth and flower quality of asiatic hybrid lily using soilless culture.
HortTechnology — Plant Growth Regulation — The identification and determination of gibberellins A 1 and A 9 in seeds of Corylus avellana L.
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